= Adding a Filter Algorithm to PDAF = [[PageOutline(2-3,Contents of this page)]] This text describes the implementation strategy and internal structure of PDAF valid for version 1.8.0 and later. If you use an earlier version of PDAF, we recommend to update to the most recent version. In this text, we assume that the reader is already familiar with PDAF to the extend of experience with the implementation of a model with PDAF that is described in the [ImplementationGuide Implementation Guide]. The internal structure of PDAF is organized into a generic part providing the infrastructure to perform ensemble forecasts and filter analysis steps. This generic part is independent of the particular filter algorithm and only distinguishes between ensemble based filters (all filters except SEEK) and mode based filters (currently only SEEK). The filter-specific routines are called through an internal interface. Each filter algorithm consists of 3 mandatory routines plus 2 optional routines. All routines are described below. They are called through the internal interface of PDAF, except for the "put state" routine (`PDAF_put_state_X` where X is the name of the selected filter). == PDAF's Internal Interface == Before explaining the filter-specific routines and the calling interface of each routine, we provide an overview of the internal interface routines of PDAF. The internal interface of PDAF is structured as follows ('X' is the name of the filter algorithm): The routine `PDAF_init` calls * `PDAF_init_filters` - interface routine to `PDAF_X_init`[[BR]] * `PDAF_X_init` performs the filter-specific initialization of parameters and calls the user-supplied routine that initializes the initial ensemble of model states. * `PDAF_alloc_filters` - interface routine to `PDAF_X_alloc`[[BR]] * `PDAF_X_alloc` allocates the filter-specific arrays. * `PDAF_options_filters` - interface routine to `PDAF_X_options` * `PDAF_X_options` is an optional routine. Its purpose is to display an overview of available options for the filter algorithm. The routine `PDAF_print_info` only includes the interface to `PDAF_X_memtime` * `PDAF_X_memtime` displays information on the execution duration of the different parts of the assimilation process as well as information on the amount of allocated memory. This functionality is optional. The routine `PDAF_put_state_X` is called directly from the model code. There is a separate routine for each filter, mainly because of the fact that different user-supplied routines may be needed for the analysis step of the filter. However, the operations performed directly in `PDAF_put_state_X` are widely generic and the filter-specific analysis step is typically implemented as another subroutine. The standard implementation calls * `PDAF_X_update` * This routine contains the actual assimilation or analysis step of the filter algorithm. When `PDAF_init` is called, the filter algorithm is chosen by its ID number. Internally to PDAF, each filter is identified by a string that is defined in `PDAF_init_filters`. The interface routines have a very simple structure. In general, they select the filter-specific routine based on the string identifying the filters. When a filter algorithm is added a line for the corresponding filter-specific routine has to be inserted to each of the interface routines. == Internal dimensions == PDAF internally stores the dimensions of the assimilation system. The dimensions are declared in the Fortran module `PDAF_mod_filter`. Important are the following dimensions: || `dim_p` || The size of the state vector (with parallelization the size of the local state vector for the current process) || || `dim_ens` || The overall size of the ensemble || || `dim_ens_l` || If the ensemble integration is distributed over several ensemble tasks, this variable stores the size of the sub-ensemble handled by the current process. (`dim_ens_l` equals `dim_ens` if no parallelization or if only a single model task is used.)|| || `rank` || The maximum rank of the ensemble covariance matrix. In almost all cases, it is `dim_ens-1`. || || `dim_eof` || For mode based filters (currently only SEEK), this is the number of modes used in the state covariance matrix. || == Filter-specific routines == When a filter algorithm is added, the following filter routines have to be implemented and inserted to each interface routines described above. * `PDAF_X_init` * `PDAF_X_alloc` * `PDAF_X_options` (optional) * `PDAF_X_memtime` (optional) In addition, the routine * `PDAF_put_state_X` has to be implemented that is called directly in the model code. We recommend to base on the routines of an existing filter, as most of the routines can be easily adapted to a new filter method. === `PDAF_X_init` === The routine `PDAF_X_init` performs the initialization of filter-specific parameters. In addition, it prints information about the configuration. The interface is as follows: {{{ SUBROUTINE PDAF_X_init(subtype, param_int, dim_pint, param_real, dim_preal, & ensemblefilter, fixedbasis, verbose, outflag) }}} with the following arguments: * `subtype`: The subtype index of the filter algorithm [integer, input]. * `param_int`: The array of integer parameters [integer(dim_pint), input]. * `dim_pint`: The number of parameters in `param_int` [integer, input]. * `param_real`: The array of real parameters [real(dim_preal), input]. * `dim_preal`: The number of parameters in `param_real` [integer, input] * `ensemblefilter`: Flag, whether the filter is an ensemble filter or a mode-based filter [logical, output]. * `fixedbasis`: Flag, whether the chosen `subtype` is a filter with fixed ensemble, such that only the ensemble mean is integrated by the model [logical, output]. * `verbose`: Verbosity flag [integer, input]. Valid are the values provided to `PDAF_init`. * `outflag`: Error flag [integer, output] The required operations are to initialize the PDAF-internal parameter variables from the provided values of `subtype`, `param_int`, and `param_real`. In the addition, the logical flags `ensemblefilter` and `fixedbasis` have to be set. The existing implementations also include some screen output about the configuration. Please note: * The routine should check, whether the provided value of `subtype` is a valid choice. If this is not the case, the error flag should be set to 2. * Only parameters from `param_int` and `param_real` up to the value `dim_pint` and `dim_preal` should be considered in the initialization. The array may be bigger, but the user defined which parameters are to be used be setting the values of `dim_pint` and `dim_preal`. * The error flag `outflag` is initial set to 0. * The internal parameters are declared and stored in the Fortran module `PDAF_mod_filter`. If a new filter algorithm requires additional parameters, their declaration should be added to the module. === `PDAF_X_alloc` === The routine `PDAF_X_alloc` allocates arrays for the data assimilation, like the ensemble array and a state vector. The success of the allocation is checked. The interface is as follows: {{{ SUBROUTINE PDAF_X_alloc(subtype, outflag) }}} with the following arguments: * `subtype`: The subtype index of the filter algorithm [integer, input]. * `outflag`: Error flag [integer, input/output] All arrays that need to be allocated are declared in the Fortran module `PDAF_mod_filter`. Here, also the dimensions of the arrays are declared. For the allocation of arrays, one has to distinguish between processes that compute the analysis step and those that only participate in the ensemble forecast. For the processes that compute the analysis (those with `filterpe=.true.`) it is mandatory to allocate the following two arrays: * `state`: The state vector of size `dim_p`. * `eofV`: This is the ensemble matrix in all ensemble-based filters. For SEEK it is the matrix holding eigenvectors. `eofV` has size (`dim_p`, `dim_ens`). Depending on the filter algorithm some of the following arrays also need to be allocated: * `eofU`: This is the eigenvalue matrix '''U''' used in the SEIK and SEEK filters (here, its size is (`rank`,`rank`)). For ETKF, it is the matrix '''A''' of size (`dim_ens`,`dim_ens`). The array only needs to be allocated if the algorithm uses such a matrix. (For EnKF, which does not use this matrix, it is allocated with size (1,1).) * `state_inc`: The increment to the state vector computed in the analysis step. It only needs to be allocated in this routine, if incremental analysis updating is implemented. Otherwise, it is sufficient to allocate and deallocate `state_inc` in the routine performing the analysis step. The size of `state_inc` is `dim_p`. * `bias`: If the filter algorithm is implemented with bias correction, the vector `bias` with size `dim_bias_p` is allocated. Processes that only participate in the computation of the ensemble forecast, but are not involved in computing the analysis step, operate only on a sub-ensemble. Accordingly, an ensemble array for this sub-ensemble has to be allocated. This is: * `eofV`: This is the ensemble matrix in all ensemble-based filters. For SEEK it is the matrix holding eigenvectors. For the processes with `filterpe=.false.`, `eofV` has size (`dim_p`, `dim_ens_l`). === `PDAF_X_options` === The optional routine `PDAF_X_options` displays information on the available options for the filter algorithm. The interface is as follows: {{{ SUBROUTINE PDAF_X_options() }}} It has no arguments! The following display is recommended: * Available subtypes (At least '0' for standard implementation; '5' for offline mode) * Parameters used from the parameter arrays `param_int` and `param_real`. === `PDAF_X_memtime` === The optional routine `PDAF_X_memtime` displays information about allocated memory and the execution time of different parts of the filter algorithm. The interface is as follows: {{{ SUBROUTINE PDAF_X_memtime(printtype) }}} with the following argument: * `printtype`: The type of the output to be done [integer, input]. For the filter algorithms that are included in the PDAF source code package the following choices are implemented: * 1: Display general timers * 2: Display allocated memory * 3: Display detailed timers The timing operation are implement using the module `PDAF_timer`, which provides the function `PDAF_timeit`. Memory allocation is computed using `PDAF_memcount`, which is provided by the module `PDAF_memcounting`. === `PDAF_put_state_X` === This routine is directly inserted into the model code, if the online mode of PDAF is used. The text on the [ImplementationofAnalysisStep implementation of the analysis step] in the Implementation Guide explains the interface for the algorithms that are included in the PDAF package. Apart from the usual integer status flag, the interface contains the names of the user-supplied routines that are required for the analysis step. Usually, the minimum set of routines are: * A routine to write model fields back into the ensemble state array (`U_collect_state`). * A routine that determines the size of the observation vector (`U_init_dim_obs`). * A routine that contains the implementation of the observation operator (`U_obs_op`). * A routine that fills the observation vector (`U_init_obs`). * The pre- and post-step routine in which the forecast and analysis ensembles can be analyzed (`U_prepoststep`). Additional routines are possible depending on the requirements of the filter algorithm. When one implements a new filter, one should check, which of the existing routines can be reused. This will facilitate the switching between different filter methods. For example, the SEIK, ETKF, and ESTKF filters (as well as the LSEIK, LETKF, and LESTKF algorithms) use the identical set of user-supplied routines. Thus, switching between these filters is possible without additional implementation work. With regard to the operations, `PDAF_put_state_X` prepares for the actual analysis step, that is called inside `PDAF_put_state_X` as a separate routine. The required operations are: * Write model fields back into the ensemble array (by calling `U_collect_state`) * Increment the counter for the integrated ensemble members (named `counter` and provided by the module `PDAF_mod_filter`. * Check, if the ensemble integration is completed (in that case, it is `member = local_dim_ens + 1`). If not, exit the `PDAF_put_state_X`. * If the ensemble integration is completed, the following operations are required: * If more than one model task is used: Collect the sub-ensembles from all model tasks onto the processes that perform the analysis step. This operation is done by the subroutine `PDAF_gather_ens`. * Call the routine that computes the analysis step for the chosen filter algorithm * Reset the control variables for the ensemble forecast (`initevol=1`, `member=1`, `step=step_obs+1`).